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Zambia

L'économie de la Zambie évolue dans un contexte de croissance modérée, soutenue par des efforts de stabilisation macroéconomique et des réformes visant à renforcer la croissance. En 2025, le pays a enregistré une croissance du PIB réel de 3,75 %, témoignant de la poursuite de l'expansion économique, tandis que l'inflation s'est établie à 13,90 %, reflétant des pressions persistantes sur les prix et des ajustements macroéconomiques en cours. Avec une population d'environ 21,91 millions d'habitants, le PIB nominal de la Zambie a atteint 28,87 milliards de dollars américains en 2025, traduisant une économie en expansion disposant d'un potentiel de transformation structurelle. L'Indice de développement humain (IDH), établi à 0,595, témoigne d'une amélioration progressive du bien-être social, bien que des écarts importants subsistent dans des domaines tels que l'éducation, la santé et les niveaux de revenus. Par ailleurs, le taux d'emploi des personnes âgées de 15 ans et plus s'élève à 61,93 %, traduisant une participation modérée au marché du travail. Toutefois, une part importante de l'emploi demeure concentrée dans des activités informelles et à faible productivité, limitant la progression des revenus et la transformation économique. Partageant des frontières avec huit pays, la Zambie bénéficie d'une position stratégique pour le commerce régional et l'intégration économique. Les efforts engagés en faveur de la diversification de l'économie, de la stabilité macroéconomique, du développement des infrastructures et du renforcement du capital humain continueront de façonner les perspectives de croissance du pays à moyen terme.

GDP nominal

USD 28.87 billion (2025)

Inflation

13.90% (2025)

Real GDP growth

3.75% (2025)

Employment as a % of population 15+

61.93% (2025)

Population

21.91 million (2025)

Human development index

0.59 (2023)


Investment indicators

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

General government investment (gross fixed capital formation) as a % of GDP

General government investment (gross fixed capital formation) as a % of GDP

Private investment (gross fixed capital formation) as a % of GDP

Private investment (gross fixed capital formation) as a % of GDP

Investment landscape

Key sectors

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Agriculture

Agriculture remains one of the central pillars of Zambia’s economy, supported by vast land availability, favourable climate conditions, abundant water resources, and a large labour base. The country has approximately 42 million hectares of arable land, yet only about 1.5 million hectares are currently cultivated. To unlock this potential, government has established strategic farm blocks totalling about 1 million hectares across all provinces, targeted at both local and foreign investors for…

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Energy

Zambia’s energy sector is anchored on hydro-electricity, with supplementary contributions from coal, heavy fuel oil, solar-PV, biomass and imported petroleum. The sector operates through three main subsectors: Electricity, Renewable Energy and Petroleum. Installed national capacity stands at approximately 3,790 MW, of which about 84% is generated from hydropower, making the country highly dependent on water availability and vulnerable to rainfall variability. Electricity demand has been…

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Tourism

Tourism is one of Zambia’s priority economic sectors due to its potential to stimulate growth, attract foreign exchange and expand employment. The country is geographically central within Southern Africa and benefits from strong natural endowments, notably the Victoria Falls, diverse wildlife ecosystems, national parks and cultural heritage assets. Zambia has over 22.4 million hectares of protected land, covering 20 national parks and 36 Game Management Areas, making it a premier destination…

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Industry

The industry sector has been identified as a core driver of Zambia’s industrial transformation, employment creation and economic diversification. The sector operates under the National Industrial Policy, which prioritises eight strategic manufacturing subsectors: processed foods; textiles and garments; engineering products; wood and wood products; leather and leather products; mineral processing and beneficiation; pharmaceuticals; and blue-economy-related manufacturing. These areas present…

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Mineral Resources

Mining remains the backbone of Zambia’s economy and one of its most strategic sectors for export earnings, industrial development and foreign investment. Zambia is among the world’s leading producers of copper, currently ranked as the ninth largest globally, with output estimated at about 800,000 metric tonnes annually and holding approximately 6% of global known copper reserves. The sector is anchored by long-established operations in the Copperbelt Province, complemented by increasing…

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Strategies, policies and legislation


Key investment institutions